Harvesting on reserve, naturally occurring trees is subjected to Timber Utilisation Contracts (TUCs).
1. Principle
Under Ghanaian law, a person cannot harvest timber from naturally occurring trees unless that person holds timber rights in the form of a Timber Utilisation Contract - Timber Resources Management Act (TRMA) of 1998 (Act 547), as amended in 2002 (Act 617) (Section 1)
2. Spatial and temportal limitations
TUCs cannot exceed a 40 years period of time (Section 6 A(1)). Section 4 of the TRMA provides details on which type of lands timber rights can or cannot be granted.
Types of land | ||
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Timber rights are granted in the form of TUCs. | Timber rights are granted in the form of TUCs with the written authorisation of the individual, group or owners concerned. | No timber rights can be granted. |
3. Allocation procedure
Prior to allocating lands, the procedure provided in Part I of LI 1649 must be followed:
4. Social responsability agreement and other contract terms
When applying for timber rights, a bidder must conclude a social responsibility agreement to assist inhabitants within the area.
In addition, TUCs are subjected to a number of terms and conditions including the limitation of the area of land, the period of operation, the execution of a reforestation plan during the period of contract, the periodic review of operations by the Forests Divisions, grounds for suspension and termination etc.
5. Ratification and signature
To be valid, TUCs must be signed by the Minister responsible for land and natural resources upon recommendation by the Forestry Commission and must be ratified by the Parliament.
6. Payments
Relevant pieces of domestic legilsation:
The Voluntary Partnership Agreement negotiated between the European Union and Ghana defines what legally produced timber is. The definition sets out Ghana's legislation that must be complied with in order for timber products to be covered by FLEGT licenses. The definition limits legal sources of timber to TUCs, Salvage Permits and Certificates of Purchase.
Accordingly, a product containing wood sourced from Ghana can be licensed for sale within Ghana and for export from Ghana in cases where the logger at the time of felling held a valid TUC issued by the Minister for Lands Forests and Mines and ratified by the Parliament following the prescribed competitive process.
It should be noted that in addition to holding the correct type of permit, loggers must meet other legal requirements. All the components of legality mentioned in the VPA have to be complied with, including principles relating to the source of timber, timber rights allocation, timber harvesting operations, transportation, processing, trade and fiscal obligations.
Under the EUTR, operators have a due diligence obligation (Articles 4-6) to assess the risk of the timber and timber products they place on the EU market containing illegally harvested timber. Amongst other things, the due diligence obligation requires information/documentation to prove that the felling permit is legally recognised by Ghanaian law.
Therefore, operators in the EU must confirm the legality of the TUC under which the timber was logged as part of the risk assessment they are conducting. They should consider whether the permit was obtained correctly and its terms were properly respected.